Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an Organization

Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an Organization Q. (a) how do individual differences and environmental factors influence human behavior in an organization? Justify your answer with examples. (b) A manufacturing company making automotive parts finds that workers working on the assembly line have poor attendance, leave for home early and are generally unproductive. They are fully unionized and resist any attempts by management to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles. Organizational Behaviour: Is a field of study which explores the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behaviour within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving organizations effectiveness. Importance of Organization behaviour: OB is going to explain the cause-and effect relationship to modify behaviour for organizational needs. Here no two human beings will behave in an identical manner. OB seeds to explore certain consistencies in behaviour, in order to promote a rational understanding of behaviour and some degree of predictability. Approaches in Organizational Behaviour: Factors Influencing Human Behavior In order to address human factors in workplace safety settings, peoples capabilities and limitations must first be understood. The modern working environment is very different to the settings that humans have evolved to deal with. The following human characteristics that can lead to difficulties interacting with the working environment. Attention -The modern workplace can overload human attention with enormous amounts of information, far in excess of that encountered in the natural world. The way in which we learn information can help reduce demands on our attention, but can sometimes create further problems Perception -In order to interact safely with the world, we must correctly perceive it and the dangers it holds. Work environments often challenge human perception systems and information can be misinterpreted. Memory -Our capacity for remembering things and the methods we impose upon ourselves to access information often put undue pressure on us. Increasing knowledge about a subject or process allows us to retain more information relating to it. Logical reasoning -Failures in reasoning and decision making can have severe implications for complex systems such as chemical plants, and for tasks like maintenance and planning. Environmental, organizational and job factors, in brief, influence the behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety. A simple way to view human factors is to think about three aspects: the individual, the job and the organization and their impact on peoples health and safety-related behavior. Following figures shows that all three are interlinked and have mutual influence The typical examples of immediate causes and contributing factors for human failures are given below: Individual factors low skill and competence level tired staff bored or disheartened staff individual medical problems Job factors illogical design of equipment and instruments constant disturbances and interruptions missing or unclear instructions poorly maintained equipment high workload noisy and unpleasant working conditions Organisation and management factors poor work planning, leading to high work pressure lack of safety systems and barriers inadequate responses to previous incident management based on one-way communications deficient co-ordination and responsibilities poor management of health and safety Poor health and safety culture. It is concluded that the performance of human is being strongly influenced by organizational, regulatory, cultural and environmental factors affecting the workplace. For example, organizational processes constitute the breeding grounds for many predictable human errors, including inadequate communication facilities, ambiguous procedures, unsatisfactory scheduling, insufficient resources, and unrealistic budgeting in fact, all processes that the organization can control. What is Perception? How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION: Perception is influenced by mainly three sets of factors: i) Factors in the perceiver (perceiver variables); ii) Factors in the target (subject characteristics); iii) Factors in the situation (situational variables). Factors in the perceiver include following issues: Self-concept of the perceiver; Attitudes of the perceiver; Motives of the perceiver; Interests of the perceiver; Experience of the perceiver; Expectations of the perceiver. Factors in the target include following issues: Physical appearance; Verbal and Nonverbal Communication; Status; Occupations; Personal characteristics; Novelty of the target; Motion of the target; Sounds of the target; Size of the target; Background of the target; Factors in the situation include following issues: Social context; Organisational role; Work setting; Location of event; Â  Time. Collectively, these three sets of factors determine our perceptions about others. (b) A manufacturing company making automotive parts finds that workers working on the assembly line have poor attendance, leave for home early and are generally unproductive. They are fully unionized and resist any attempts by management to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles. Motivation: Motivation: The process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal. Needs + Droves + Incentives Types of motives: Primary motives: Some motives are un learned physiologically based such motives are termed as physiological, biological, un learned or primary motives. Ex: Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Sex, Avoidance of Pain, Maternal Concern General Motives: Number of motives, which can neither, be classified as primary, or secondary that can be referred to as general motives. Motive must be unlearned but not physiologically oriented. Ex: Curiosity, Manipulations, Activity Motives, Affection motives, Love, Concern, Feelings. Secondary Motives: Quite a few important human motives fall in this category. The important motives of Power, achievement, and affiliation are all secondary motives. Leadership: Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards, the attainment of pre-determined goals. Traditional Theories of Leadership: Trait Theories Differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics Extraversion has strongest relation to leadership Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience also strongly related to leadership Agreeableness and Emotional Stability are not correlated with leadership. Behavioral Theories Behaviors can be taught traits cannot Leaders are trained not born Maslows Need Hierarchy Selfactualization Needs Self-esteem Needs Social Needs or Belonging and love and affection needs Security Needs Physiological Need or Basic Needs According to Maslow, certain concepts are relevant for understanding the needs. They are pre-potency, deprivation, domination, gratification and activation. Pre-potency is the strength associated with the needs. Physiological needs have greater pre-potency. Deprivation is the perception of an obstacle for satisfaction of a need. Thus, deprived need has high pre-potency. Domination is attaching importance to a need. A deprived need dominates the individual. In order to reduce dissonance associated with the deprivation, individuals try to gratify by undertaking some action. Therefore, gratification is the satisfaction of the need. Gratified need does not dominate. At the end, activation of need determine motivation. Need satisfaction activates the needs from one level to next higher levels. Maslow believes that these repeat as a cycle until the highest level need is satisfied. Based on the concept Maslow identified five categories of needs and their role in motivating individuals. They are described below: 1) Physiological Needs: Basic and primary needs required for human existence are physiological needs. They relate to biological and are required for preservation of basic human life. These needs are Identified to the human organ in the body. They are finite needs. They must be satisfied repeatedly until human beings die. They are not associated with money alone. They are hunger, thirst, sleep, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. The proposition relating to the basic needs is that they are primary motivators to any individual and once they are satisfied, they no longer motivate. The next level need becomes important for satisfaction until the basic need is dormant. Provision of adequate monetary rewards to satisfy these needs motivate employees in organisations. 2) Safety Needs: Individuals seek protection from natural environment, biological danger, economic deprivation and emotional threat from other beings and animals. For this purpose, he wishes security for himself. The protection may be in the form of seeking a shelter and forming into primary groups to combat threat from the natural beings. The motivational proposition are that the safety needs dominate as soon as physiological needs are satisfied, and after individual seeks to satisfy fairly the security needs they do not motivate him. In order to motivate employees, organisations provide fringe benefits, health and accident insurance, housing loans, etc. 3) Social Needs: Basically individual is a social being. He cannot live in isolation and silence. Thus, he intends to establish relationship with other human beings and some times wish to rear animals. Social needs emerge from the basic urge of individuals to associate, belong with others, make friendship, make companionship, desire to be accepted by others and seek affection. These needs are secondary in nature. The propositions relating to social needs are that these needs are satisfied by symbolic behaviour and through physic and psychic contact with others in the society. They are substantially infinite and exist until the end of human life. Organisations should provide scope for formation of informal groups, encourage working in teams, and provide scope for interpersonal communication, interpersonal relationships and interpersonal understanding to motivate employees. 4) Esteem Needs: Maslow believes that people seek growth. They have natural desire to be identified and respected by others. This instinct is called as esteem. Esteem needs are associated with self-esteem and esteem from others. The need for power, self respect, autonomy, self confidence, achievement, recognition of competence, knowledge, desire to have freedom, status and secure attention of others, appreciation are some of the esteem needs individual wishes to satisfy. Maslow identified them, as higher order needs. The nature of esteem needs is that they are dormant until basic, security and social needs are fairly satisfied. Satisfaction of esteem needs produce a feeling of self-confidence, strength, capability and adequacy in the individuals. 5) Self-actualization Needs: Self-actualization is transformation of perception and dream into reality. Individuals have inner potential to do something different from others. Realising the full inner potential, one wishes to become what he is capable of becoming. Attaining to the level of fulfilment of selfactualization needs is a difficult task as individuals are not clear about their inner potentials until an opportunity is perceived. Moreover these needs change with a change in human life. The intensity of self-actualization changes over life cycle, vary from person to person and environment. The following propositions are made about the motivation of individuals based on the Maslow hierarchy of needs. i) Five needs are classified into lower order needs and higher order needs. While physiological, safety and security needs are lower order needs, esteem and self actualization needs are higher order needs. ii) Lower order needs are satisfied externally and higher needs are satisfied internally. iii) Individuals start satisfying lower order needs first and proceed to satisfy higher order needs later. iv) No need is fully satisfied during the life period of individuals. A need substantially satisfied no longer motivates. v) A need when substantially satisfied produces satisfaction and it becomes dormant. Immediately the next level need becomes active. So Individual is continuously motivated to satisfy unsatisfied needs. So, motivation is a continuous process. vi) Satisfaction of lower order needs does not produce contentment. In fact, they produce discontentment to satisfy other needs. vii) Not all individuals have the same priority to satisfy the needs. Priorities differ from country to country and from situation to situation. viii) Individuals are aggressive in the satisfaction of basic needs and unconsciousness demands the satisfaction. However, they use social consciousness in the satisfaction of other needs. Maslows need hierarchy theory of motivation was considered logical and simple to understand human motivation. The theory has received attention of practicing managers as they feel that identification of needs of employees provides an insight to motivate them. This theory suggested that giving same reward more than individuals desire will have diminishing marginal utility. This has specific significance to the practicing manager. Leadership Human Behavior As a leader, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others; whose support you need in order to accomplish your goals. To gain their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature. Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators. Characteristics of self-actualizing people: Have better perceptions of reality and are comfortable with it. Accept themselves and their own natures. Lack of artificiality. They focus on problems outside themselves and are concerned with basic issues and eternal questions. They like privacy and tend to be detached. Rely on their own development and continued growth.

American History Précis Essay

In the short story American History by Judith Ortiz Cofer encourages us to understand our own feeling and being sensitive to the situation around us before we act. Cofer supports her claim by describing Elena’s insensitivity to the president’s death visiting Eugene while everyone was still mourning. Eugene’s Mother assumes that Elena, her family, or Puerto rico immigrants in general are insensitive to the tragedy. â€Å"I don’t know how you people do it,† pg 301 Eugene’s mother also doesn’t understand immigrants and believes herself superior to both Elena and people who are similar to Elena, she believes that she is not sorrowful enough about president Kennedy’s death to want to study with her son. However she doesn’t understand Elena’s feelings of simply wanted to spend time with Eugene, whom she liked and could connect to. † In the same was Elena also fails to understand the situation around her. The author uses dialogue as her mother warns her â€Å"you are heading towards humiliation and pain† pg 300. Unlike Elena, her mother understands the situation around her knowing that Eugenes mother won’t be happy that Elena want to study with her son. The author encourages to understand people feelings around us in order that we can be sensitive to them, which will prevent â€Å"humiliation and pain. † The speaker in this short story is an innocent young girl called â€Å"skinny bones† who goes through hardships and trouble at school. She lives in the crowded el building that houses immigrants from Puerto Rico like herself. Her tone can be described as unhappy and uncontent with her life â€Å"I hated my skinny flat-chested body, and I envied the black girls who could jump rope so fast their legs became blurs. The author writes with a serious tone as she portray the hardship immigrant children faces during this time period. Judith Cofer writes for other young adult who are also developing through hard times, portrayed Puerto Rico – American immigrant life and the difficult time other children gave Elena at school.

The Do This, Get That Guide On Essay Topics about Abortion

The Do This, Get That Guide On Essay Topics about Abortion You also ought to revise and edit your essay to eradicate any imperfections. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. When you begin writing the essay, you should make an intriguing start. Because proposal essays are a kind of argumentative essay, you would like to be certain the essay is worthy of an argument. To put it simply, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. When writing the very first draft follow the structure set out in the outline. You might be made to make some amendments in the outline or draft to fit your paper when writing the last draft. If you're writing an argumentative essay it's important that you write on a topic that you have knowledge about and you feel it is possible to win over the audience with your arguments. The question isn't about whether they ought to donate. You're able to write about such topics as-is, modify them, or simply utilize them to secure you in the perfect mindset to produce your own topic. The style, topic and voice of your private essay needs to have the punch to create the audience think. Essay Topics about Abortion: No Longer a Mystery Abortion is a significant issue and it needs to be researched upon more. It is a very controversial subject. It is a very sensitive issue. If you opted to compose an essay about abortion, go for an approach with a considerable body of research to back up your stance. Following that, it's possible to recommend specific therapy. If a parent decides they don't need to keep the kid, there are different alternatives like adoption after birth. For example if there's a complication in pregnancy and the mother can suffer on account of the youngster, I think it's ok to do abortion. A fetus isn't human until very late in the pregnancy and in the very first few weeks it is simply a biological entity that's amidst its developmental stage. It's incredibly important that individuals understand that abortions aren't some heinous act to just knock out something a woman didn't want. But overall, obtaining an abortion doesn't increase the chance of infertility since they're so safe,'' she explains. Essay Topics about Abortion - What Is It? Data or comments given in research studies ought to be adequately referenced in the body of the paper in addition to in the works cited or reference page. Essay help writing services are incredibly beneficial for students. Immigration Immigration is a controversial subject, particularly in regions of the Southwestern United States. The Meaning of Essay Topics about Abortion A detailed and v ery clear plan can help you to comprehend where to begin and the way to end. Finally, you're trying to persuade the reader your proposal is not just viable, but one worth pursuing. It is essential to the success of your argumentative essay that you pick a side to argue. You must not take sides unless you're expressly advised to achieve that. Bear in mind that nearly all of your readers will know more than that which you do. Writing about the reason and effect essay topics related to the school's popularity or surviving the initial year in college could possibly be fine to grab the interest of your peers. For Academic writing, building an excellent essay topic or topic for essay that could capture attention and keep up a high degree of energy depends upon the person's interest and points being made. Students from all around the world are attempting to come across expert essay writing service.

Discrimination Upon LGBTQ Community - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1078 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Everyday people witness couples in public getting called disturbing slurs, being harassed, and escorted from businesses. Majority of the LGBTQ community have reported that they have experienced harassment, threats, and violence due to their sexual beliefs. LGBTQ Couples are being discriminated on a daily basis just by doing everyday activities. Several Incidents have shown discrimination in the LGBTQ community including LGBTQ avoiding public businesses because of public accommodation discrimination, being judged because their religion exercise, and being refused of an marriage license. According to public businesses, LGBTQ avoided them because of public accommodation discrimination. About â€Å"47 percent [ of the LGBTQ members] made specific decisions where to shop,† because daily disrespect ( Miller, â€Å" LGBT Bias† ). Miller developed a report to share how discrimination can leave others feeling disrupted. Judgement was so critical that a transgender officer was assisting her three year old daughter to the bathroom and staff members and other customers at the restaurant was whispering and staring at them disturbingly. People made her feel uncomfortable that she avoided places that made her feel that way. She developed a urinary infection because she was getting followed around to see what restroom she was going to use ( Miller, â€Å" LGBT Bias†). Miller scoped out that everyday activities will leave most people at risk from discrimination. Therefore situations common to this LGBTQ people try to avoid everything and everywhere discriminati on may occur such as stores, restaurants, doctor offices, and public transportation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination Upon LGBTQ Community" essay for you Create order With this issue the federal government aroused religious exemptions opposing coordinated attacks to the public. For example, â€Å"Individual government agencies, and businesses [violated laws of justice]† because the power of religious exemptions created licenses to discriminate against the core of Americans (Mushoric, â€Å" Coordinated Attack†). Mushoric thinks people are getting away with optioning out laws to affect the core of human beings. Although federal and state legislation believe that [businesses has the right to] religion objections. They are not exempt from following the law when it comes to firing or hiring employees, and discrimination protection for clients† ( Muschoric, â€Å" Coordinated Attack†). Summarizing Mushoric thoughts, with or without a business or organization individuals shouldn’t be exempt from following laws. However the LGBTQ community is being judged because their religion exercise. â€Å" In the beginning of 2010 [The District of Columbia] ceased the foster care program [for] same sex marriage laws no longer have a permitted placement [for] children† (â€Å"Marriage Consequences†). The Greenhaven Press dived into the critique and found that they were prohibited to have a home for foster children. In Michigan, â€Å"A graduate student was dismissed from school program after referring a client to another counselor because she/he was [influenced in a homosexual relationship]† (â€Å"Marriage Consequences†). The Greenhaven Press made a note that refusing to give assistance at a college can ruin a person placement there. As one can see gay marriage/relationships is not acceptable in their religion so they raise a legal argument. Simultaneously Stephen Seufert gave a litmus test and discovered discrimination among African Americans, Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals,and Transgenders. â€Å"American history has shown ‘religious freedom’ was used to legitimize slavery† (Seufert, â€Å"Freedom Discriminate†). However, Seufert shared what the bad aspects of humanity he have witness. â€Å"Similar kinds of laws and tactics under the guise of â€Å"religious freedom† are now being used by businesses and lawmakers to discriminate against LGBT people† (Seufert, â€Å"Freedom Discriminate†). In South Carolina, A Restaurant Owner refused to serve to African Americans on his/her rights in the first amendment to practice his/her own religion beliefs. To illustrate Seufert thoughts on â€Å"Can Religious Freedom Be Used to Discriminate?† Seufert found many stories supporting the good and bad aspects of humanity. Seufert believe individuals should decide if new religion laws a re form to uplift humanity or breakdown the love for peers. To put it differently individuals and groups discriminating based of perceived threats to their religious freedom due to their lifestyle and beliefs of others. In the meantime, LGBTQ members were refused marriage licenses all over the United States. An Attorney General in Texas made a statement that the public claimed â€Å"[The General gave] permission to refuse to issue a marriage license to same sex couples† (Marusic, â€Å"LGBT Licenses†). Marusic found it appealing that a officer in Texas confronted the attorney general on his/her misunderstood statement to the public. The entire United States was â€Å"going rogue† when the Supreme Court made equality marriage rule for same sex couples. Marusic supported how the public felt to changes for the LGBTQ people. Therefore the government made a dramatic view of the opposition to homosexuals marriage as a prohibition against discrimination. Again a marriage license was refused and marriage equality was unrecognized. â€Å"[Eriksen, a man who] has a religious objection and has referred the matter to his deputy clerks who has no such objection and will issue [a marriage] license† (â€Å"Denied License†). This source is an expert because Eriksen think he handled the situation professionally by referring them to someone else without addressing the issue of not supporting their marriage . â€Å" I don’t care if the clerk is opposed to marriage equality that’s his right but he can’t impose his will onto others in violation of the law† tweeted by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo (â€Å"Denied License†). On a social media app, Twitter, the governor of New York stood up to the individual who opposed marriage equality. Therefore Wong shared this story to stop the unconscionable act of discrimination publicly.The New York Governor is involved because what Eriksen did wasnt fair to the couples. The Governor directed a investigation on the issues and made sure the mistake doesnt happen again. The Governor hosted a gay wedding for the couple that was denied a marriage license by Eriksen on August 18th, 2018. In the LGBTQ community during daily activities sometimes leave them feeling barbs of bias because discrimination in their community. These pieces were used to persuade the federal government and Supreme Court that it’s unfair to let people disobey the law.The main conflict is LGBTQ wanting to express themselves freely. The LGBTQ people who felt the sting of discrimination see the community differently. Stories were written to inform individuals that discrimination can disrupt daily behavior makes LGBTQ people feel unwelcome. The main subject addressed is that people dealing with discrimination in public because sexual orientation, gender identity. Pastors, Ministers, Counselors, Teachers, Bosses, Parents, Doctors, Nurses ,and Students, Everyone in United States should reconsider the act of discrimination regarding its against your belief system or not.

Puritan Discipline - 810 Words

Puritan Discipline The Puritans, arguably the most well-known group of early English colonists settled in the Massachusetts Bay colony in the 1600’s, and are considered catalysts to modern American culture. The Puritans are famous for their theological insights, advances in the sciences, and for the establishment of the first public schools in America. The Puritans however are infamous for their potentially brutal punishment, and harsh discipline. To the devout Puritan punishment was love, this was evident in the ways they raised children, punished criminals, and how they lived. These policies played a major role in shaping American society for many years and in part made America what it is today. Childhood in Puritan society was†¦show more content†¦However the Puritans are known to have severely punished people for specific crimes, †William Carlisle was convicted of passing counterfeit dollars and sentenced to stand one hour on the Pillory†¦ to have both ears cropped, and to be branded on both cheeks with†¦R†¦(Rouge† The Essex Gazette, Newport April 23, 1771. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† an adulteress was doomed to wear an ‘A’ for Adulterer, and made routine visits to the pillory to be pelted with leftovers and insults by the local population. Sadly seventeen or more people found themselves on death row, convicted of witchcraft in the early Massachusetts society in the infamous Salem Witch Trials. Consequently the Puritans are now known for their severity and less of their admirable attempt to have a pure society. Order, this was one of the most valued aspects of Puritan society, after all the word Puritan can be defined as ‘one who is pure’. â€Å"Puritans needed to live a closely examined life.† Peace of the Elect, Illinois College. All actions and words were known to someone, being in such small communities the words of others were the way to the pillory or to the church, this is why Puritans are renowned for being a solemn people of littleShow MoreRelatedPuritans and the Scarlet Letter739 Words   |  3 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was not a Puritan, but he had deep bonds back to this religion, and had ancestors that were in charge of the Salem Witch Trials, a fact that Hawthorne always felt remorse for. In choosing this time period as the setting for The Scarlet Letter, a classic story of love, betrayal and religion, he showcased both the weakness and strengths of this time period and religion. Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans were from England, and were dissatisfied with the church reform of England. SoRead MoreColonial America: Founding the Dream Essay example1742 Words   |  7 Pagescultures. Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans fled Europe for religious freedom in the New world, but their dream was. The Puritans were considered non-separatists; they did not wish to leave the Church of England but rather reform and reshape its borders and beliefs. Arriving in Massachusetts Bay in 1630 with six hundred followers and John Winthrop as their leader the Puritans desired to create a new society similar to the Dream that the Pilgrims had. The Puritans journey represents an Exodus fromRead MoreThe Truth Behind Puritanism : Puritanism1975 Words   |  8 Pagesprobably think of purity and cleanliness. However, the Puritan’s have a very interesting way of achieving purity. The Puritans believe that God has predestined the salvation of certain souls and one can do nothing to change this. They also believe there is zero credit for good works and that people by nature are wholly sinful and can only achieve goodness by severe discipline, but living a godly life is the result of being chosen as one of God’s â€Å"elect.† The â€Å"elect† are said to be saved from hellRead MorePuritanism And Its Impact On Society1508 Words   |  7 Pagesthe American society in a way everyone can see it nowadays takes roots in the times of British colonization. Puritans Migration The teaching of Puritanism arose in the British Isles around 1560, â€Å"when dissident members of the Church of England, still the mother church of the Anglican Communion today, attempted to â€Å"purify† it by removing all trace of its Roman Catholic past.†1 The Puritans were sure that the Church of England did not work enough on its reforms according to the fact that a lot ofRead MoreRoles Of The Puritan Society1137 Words   |  5 PagesRoles of the Puritan Society Puritans were English Protestants who were committed to â€Å"purifying† the Church of England. After being religiously persecuted in England, the Puritans fled to North America to start their new beginning. The Puritans maintained their Protestant beliefs with a patriarchal family. Their family roles differed from other colonists that settled in America. In my paper, I will describe the different roles that were established in the Puritan society. The Puritans society wasRead MoreThe Religious Convictions Of The Puritans1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe Puritans were a group of people from England who settled the New World (1) called America after the year of 1630. They went to America to be free to practice their religion without being persecuted because their beliefs were opposing the catholic’ one. The difference was that the Puritans tried harder to enforce the Ten Commandments but Americans were influenced by the moral, ethical, and religious convictions of the Puritans. The Puritans’ life was very hard in England so that they focused theRead MorePuritans Influence On Today s Society1599 Words   |  7 PagesToday, people describe the Puritans with their biased point of view. It is not unfathomable why people do not like the Puritans. The Puritans’ society and today’s society are very different. Puritan society was very restrained; people could only believe in God and the Bible was the law. Unlike Puritan society, today’s society does not restrain religion. Even though Puritans had bad influences on today’s society, Puritans played a pivotal role in constructing the USA. If you look around more carefullyRead MoreWorlds Colliding : Hypocrisy, Rules And Punishments1446 Words   |  6 PagesTwo Worlds Colliding: Hypocrisy, Rules and Punishments In two not so different societies, the Puritan people and the people of The Church of Fire and Brimstone learn to live a life under the fear of God. Both societies share the similarity of living a life of holiness on land so that they may be taken into the Kingdom of God. In order to do so, these people put themselves through strict rules and harsh punishment that are near inhumane. Each of these people live out their lives in fear of being leftRead MoreTheme Of Patriarchy In The Crucible1601 Words   |  7 Pagesso often throughout this play seem to be connected to the downfall of this small Puritanical town. Today I will bring to light the biased views and sexual repression that led this small town to its untimely demise. This paper will delve into the puritans daily way of life and beliefs and expose that sexual repression and patriarchy were the real killers in this play based on real events. To achieve this goal I have organized this paper into 3 main sections, which will each explain the sexual biasRead MoreComparing The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthrone and The Crucible by Arthur Miller1021 Words   |  5 Pages The Puritans had a heavily important part in the formation of early America, as well as a religion that influenced our early American society. This society has been the target which many authors have picked to set their novels in. The topic of Puritan life contains a broad list of aspects that can be easily compared to one another in several different books. Two selections that go into detail about some of the different aspects of the Puritan people are The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, and The Scarlet

Was Joseph Conrad a Rascist Free Essays

Is it fair to call Joseph Conrad a Thoroughgoing Racist? To call someone a thoroughgoing racist is to say that they are a person who completely and knowingly considers one race of humans superior to others. This is precisely what Chinua Achebe is accusing Joseph Conrad of. It is Achebe’s opinion that Conrad wrote his ‘Heart of Darkness’ from a racist point of view intentionally to belittle Africa and its people and to raise up Europe and its people. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Joseph Conrad a Rascist or any similar topic only for you Order Now While I agree that Joseph Conrad may have been a racist and that ‘Heart of Darkness’ certainly has racism in it, I believe it unfair to call Conrad a thoroughgoing racist. Conrad is simply a victim of his time, having lived from 1857-1924 when the racism against Africans was widespread, even considered normal. He was not intentionally trying to be racist. â€Å"It is the desire- one might even say the need- of Western psychology to set up Africa as a foil to Europe, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europe’s own state of spiritual grace will be manifest† (Achebe, 1). In other words, Europeans want to directly compare Africa to Europe in a way that the ‘darkness’ of Africa makes Europe seem lighter. This shows that Conrad may even not have been racist at all. He could be simply writing a novel that the people wanted at that time. Achebe even briefly states this as a possibility: â€Å"It might be contended†¦ that the attitude to the African in ‘Heart of Darkness’ is not Conrad’s but that of his fictional narrator, Marlow, and that far from endorsing it Conrad might indeed be holding it up to irony and criticism† (Achebe, 4). This is my opinion of Conrad. He was not actually a racist. He was a brilliant storyteller of fiction that knew the people who would be reading the book. In that time period, most readers were racist against Africans. That was OK back then. Conrad didn’t agree with it but he wrote a short novel highlighting it to appease the masses, while subtlety showing how wrong racism is. â€Å"Heat of Darkness projects the image of Africa as â€Å"the other world,† the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where man’s vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality. The book opens on the River Thames, tranquil, resting, peacefully â€Å"at the decline of day after ages of good service done to the race that peopled its banks. But the actual story will take place on the River Congo, the very antithesis of the Thames. The River Congo is quite decidedly not a River Emeritus. It has rendered no service and enjoys no old-age pension. We are told that â€Å"going up that river was like back to the earliest beginnings of the world. † (Achebe, 2). The Heart of Darkness men tions ‘the race that peopled its banks’ on the River Thames and then later talks about the people who people the banks of the River Congo. â€Å"There you could look at a thing monstrous and free. It was unearthly and the men were†¦ No they were not inhuman. Well, you know that was the worst of it- this suspicion of their not being inhuman. It would come slowly to one. They howled and leaped and spun and made horrid faces, but what thrilled you, was just the thought of their humanity- like yours- the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough, but if you were man enough you would admit to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a meaning in it which you- you so remote from the night of the first ages- could comprehend. Conrad, 153). This passage is a direct comparison of the â€Å"savages† in Africa to the â€Å"civilized† in Europe. Yet there is a connection, a â€Å"kinship,† between these two beings. Conrad knows that Europeans love to view Africans as these uncivilized brutes in order to make themselves look better; but then he slips in that the two peoples a re actually of the same heritage, separated only by the flow of time. Africans may appear to be these black monsters incapable of speech, only a dialect of grunting and screaming; but they are actually the just as human as any one else. Conrad later depicts the African savages as ‘dogs’: And between whiles I had to look after the savage who was fireman. He was an improved specimen; he could fire up a vertical boiler. He was there below me and, upon my word, to look at him was as edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat walking on his hind legs. A few months of training had done for that really fine chap. He squinted at the steam-gauge and at the hot water-gauge with an evident effort of intrepidity- and he had filed his teeth too, the poor devil, and the wool of his pate shaved into queer patterns, and three ornamental scars on each of his cheeks. He ought to have been clapping his hands and stamping his feet on the bank, instead of which he was hard at work, a thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge. † (Conrad, 154). This is a very sudden and drastic change from just half of a page earlier when the African savages were â€Å"kin† to the Europeans. Now they’re dogs. Perhaps Conrad really is a thoroughgoing racist. However, one must remember that the Heart of Darkness is a story within a story. It is Conrad writing of a man in London called Marlow who is recounting his experience in Africa on the River Congo. So it is not Conrad who is the racist; his fictional character Marlow is. This is a very different style of storytelling and it is easy to forget whose words we are reading. Sometimes we are reading Conrad’s words when we are on the River Thames; but usually we are reading Marlow’s words. Achebe contends, â€Å"Conrad appears to go to considerable pains to set up layers of insulation between himself and the moral universe of his history. He has, for example, a narrator behind a narrator. The primary narrator is Marlow but his account is given to us through the filter of a second, shadowy person† (Achebe, 4). One of Achebe’s main arguments is that â€Å"art is more than just good sentences; this is what makes this situation tragic. The man [Conrad] is a capable artist and as such I expect better from him. I mean, what is his point in that book [Heart of Darkness]? Art is not intended to put people down. If so, then art would ultimately discredit itself† (Phillips, 1). This statement simply isn’t true. Art is not exclusively a happy thing that only raises people up. There is such a thing as depressing art. The Bluest Eye is a great example of this. It too has tones of racism, being about a girl who hates herself because she is black and therefore ugly. The ending of that story is very sad and the conflict is not resolved. This means that, according to Achebe, The Bluest Eye does not qualify as art. It’s unfair of Achebe to only accept art that is happy and uplifting. The world is not a happy and uplifting place. There is darkness in the world. Conrad is attempting to point this out in the title alone, Heart of Darkness. He even suggests that London was once one of the dark places of the world. Achebe expects Conrad to be one of the artists who is â€Å"bigger than their times† (Phillips, 5). He says that that is what makes you a great artist. Being ahead of your time is not a requirement of great artistry. That’s not to say that there are no great artists who were ahead of their time; but there are plenty of great artists who weren’t. To be bigger than your time takes a highly innovative and rebellious mind, which is a rare thing. All great innovations are mocked upon first arrival. This is why they are called innovations; they go against the norm. One cannot expect a writer in a racist world to right a book that speaks out against racism. That being said, it can be argued that Heart of Darkness does speak out against racism from an ironical standpoint. The overreaching question is, what happens when one group of people, supposedly more humane and civilized than another group, attempts to impose itself upon its inferiors? In such circumstances will there always be an individual who, removed from the shackles of civilized behavior, feels compelled to push at the margins of conventional morality? What happens to this one individual who imagines himself to be released from the moral order of society and therefore free to behave as savagely or decently as he deems fit? How does this man respond to chaos? (Phillips, 4). When considering these questions, I am forced to recall the movie â€Å"Three Kings. † This whole movie seems to be based upon these questions. It takes place in Iraq right at the end of the Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm. A group of American soldiers discover a map leading to the Kuwaiti gold stolen by Iraq. One soldier asks â€Å"what is the most important thing in life?†¦ Necessity†¦ As in people do what is most necessary to them at an given moment† (Clooney, Three Kings). This is the answer to Phillips’ question â€Å"how does this man respond to chaos? He does whatever he needs to do, not whatever he wants to do. In Heart of Darkness each man is thrown into his own chaos and they all respond differently, but each man does what he feels is the most necessary. The idea of necessity can be applied to Conrad as well. What was most necessary to a writer living in the early 20th century? For Conrad, it was to stick to the status quo, to write a book that uses Africa as a foil, which portrays Africans as savage beasts. This does not make him a racist, merely a man who is following the trend of society. Assuming that Conrad wasn’t a racist, what if he had written Heart of Darkness without any racism? He would have been mocked, perhaps even cast out or discredited. Today he would be revered as one of the great futuristic minds of his time of course; but he has no way of knowing that. So he took the safe route and wrote Heart of Darkness from a more racist point of view. This does not make Conrad a thoroughgoing racist, as Achebe would accuse him. Arguments could be made either way; that Conrad was racist or that he wasn’t. If he was not a racist at all then that’s the end of it. However, if he was a racist it becomes more complicated. Although due to the time and society in which Conrad was born and raised, his racism is therefore not intentional. He is not a racist in a non-racist society; he is simply another racist just like nearly everyone else. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’† Massachusetts Review. 18. 1977. Clooney, George, Perf. â€Å"Three Kings† Warner Bros Pictures. 1999. Film. Conrad, Joseph. â€Å"Heart of Darkness† 1902. Phillips, Caryl and Chinua Achebe. Personal Interview. 21 February 2003. How to cite Was Joseph Conrad a Rascist, Essay examples

ICT Ethics IT Consultancy Project

Question: Discuss about theICT Ethics for IT Consultancy Project. Answer: Introduction This paper attempts to understand various forms of ethical issues that can arise in ICT projects by exploring one case of an IT consultancy project and identifying various kinds of issues. It would assess the issues considering the code of ethics to determine how these may be resolved considering ethical codes of conduct. Case Study A IT consultancy organization need to take interviews of the employees of the client organization to understand their current knowledge of working and business processes which could be used for understanding the organization such that appropriate ICT tools can be suggested for implementation. However, this personal interaction between the design company professionals and the company employees could also result into disclosure of personal or organisational weaknesses. An employee may even talk about shortcomings in the client organization. In the process, people interviewed may also make personal remarks about their seniors that could be negative. This can raise an issue of privacy if the interviewers are asked by senior managers to disclose the responses of individual employees(Ferguson, et al., 2005). Ethical Issue(s) The case can be analyses considering the ACS codes of ethics that requires an organization to adhere to codes of ethics related to priorities and social implications: Priorities: As per ACS code, the interest of community must be placed over the interest of individuals. Thus, the consultancy staff must ensure that the responses obtained from the client staff remain confidential. In case any conflicts of interests are identified between staff of the client, the client may be advised on ways to resolve them. Social Implications: The code requires that a consultancy organization must work towards enhancement of the lives of people affected by their services. This requires maintenance of privacy of all the people who would be affected by the survey in the present case. An equal treatment must be given to employees or people working on the project with due respect and no unfairness against stereotypes(Stahl, 2012). Thus, in order to maintain the codes of ethics, an ICT company is required to understand and resolve issues that could be related to confidentiality and disclosure, privacy and respect. Confidentiality Disclosure: Confidentiality as per ethical codes talks about how the information, that is been disclosed by an individual due to the trusted relationship established between two individuals interacting, is treated. Confidentiality is about protection of data that can be used for identifying an individual and it is maintained with an agreement established between interested parties on the extent of the use of private information. In the current case, if the consultant discloses the responses of the employees interviewed to the senior manager of the company for some personal benefit then it would be the breach of confidentiality clause. The interview is intended to understand the working of the company and individual as a part of the unit and not about understanding the individual preferences of emotional relationships(Johnson, 2015). Privacy respect: Privacy is defined by the control that an individual has on sharing personal information with others. It is about people who have the right to get protection from disclosure of private information to wrong people who may misuse the information for their benefit. For instance, in the current case, if the personal details of one of the employees of the client organization is received which may benefit another organization or individual in some way and if the consulting organizations employees shares the same then it would be an invasion of privacy. The client organization can take the private details of the person such as about the family and can use the same for own benefit to invade on the privacy. A persons privacy has to be given respect and thus, should not be disclosed or misused for any other purpose than what the interview was intended for. Stakeholders Stakeholders of a consultancy project would include client management, its employees, and employees of the IT consultancy and the customers of the client organization. How each of these stakeholders may be affected by the ethical standards, practices and breaches is explained in the table below: Stakeholders Ethical Dilemmas Management - Senior Employees of Client Senior management would be sharing company processes, working and some confidential information with the ICT consultant that can be used against the organization is leaked to the competition by the consultant. Thus it raises the concerns of disclosure Employees of Client Employee personal information can be leaked or misused. Also, their personal responses can get disclosed to higher management that can affect their professional lives. This raises a concern of confidentiality. Employees of consulting organization Employees of the consulting organization must get accurate data from the employees interviewed failing which wrong interpretations may be made and wrong suggestions would go to client spoiling their reputation. Thus, this raises concerns of accuracy. Customers While exploring the data for assessing ICT systems, the consultant can gain access to the information about the customers of the client organization which can be stolen, leaked or misused. Breaches in Standards Various forms of ethical breaches that can occur in an ICT project in the case discussed can be related to ownership, control, accuracy and security. Ownership: When working with a client organization that an ICT consulting organization would be providing services, the consultant is likely to receive access to much internal and confidential information about a company. This could be related to the product, designs, and execution strategies and so on. If such information is leaked into the market, especially to competition then it can harm the strategic position of the organization. Thus, an agreement should be made between the organization and consultant on nondisclosure for the information that is not owned by the consultant. Control: a company may establish control over what activities a consultant may perform when assisting the client organization. This would involve monitoring of the consultant staff to have an understanding of how the organizations IT assets are being used. This monitoring may include the watch on websites visited, use of email system and access to private information about internal employees(Doridot, 2013). Accuracy: Accurate information brings the power for efficient decision making and thus, an organization must ensure that the information provided to the consultant for suggesting improvements or establishments in ICT infrastructure is accurate. The responsibility of providing accurate information would lie on the employees who would be interviewed to gather the requirement for the ICT project. Security: the systems used by the organization for any ICT project must be protected from security breaches such that personal data of employees do not get leaked to hackers affecting their private or professional lives. This would need company to establish systems for monitoring ICT infrastructure and identify if they are exposed to any forms of security threats such that the same can be resolved preventing their impacts on employees and systems of the organization. Consequences ICT systems have become integral parts in any organizations and they require significant investments to be made. In case any ethical breaches are faced then it can cause the liability for an organization as a consequence. For instance, if the customer data provided to ICT consultant gets leaked into the market, it will result into the loss of image for the client organisational as well as loss of the customer. In such a case, if the customer spreads a bad word of mouth, it would also prevent other people from taking products or services of client organizations leading to loss of sales. Conclusion This paper involved exploration of various types of ethical issues that may arise on an ICT project for which ethical standards and related issues like confidentiality and privacy were discussed. For this, a case study of an IT consulting organization catering to a client organization was taken and based on the case; stakeholders were identified to understand how ethical issues can impact each of the stakeholders. Possible ethical breaches in the ICT projects were also identified and their consequences were determined. References Doridot, F., 2013. Ethical Governance of Emerging Technologies Development. s.l.:IG Global. Ferguson, S. et al., 2005. Case studies and codes of ethics: the relevance of the ACS experience to ALIA , s.l.: Canberra Education. Johnson, L., 2015. Human Rights and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications .... s.l.:IGI Global. Resnik, D. (2016). What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important?. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://courses.washington.edu/bethics/Homepage/What%20is%20Ethics%20in%20Research%20%20Why%20is%20it%20Important_.pdf Stahl, B., 2012. Incorporating Ethics into Research and Innovation, s.l.: EU Research. Singal, R. Kamra, G. (2016). Ethical Issues in Advertising. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.ijmser.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Paper7689-694.pdf Thomson, A. Schmoldt, D. (2016). Ethics in computer software design and development. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/VT_Publications/01t7.pdf VICTOR, S. (2016). Ethics In Advertising And Marketing In The Dominican Republic: Interrogating Universal Principles Of Truth, Human Dignity, And Corporate Social Responsibility.illinois.edu. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/42418/Salvador_Victor.pdf?sequence=1a