Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an Organization

Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an Organization Q. (a) how do individual differences and environmental factors influence human behavior in an organization? Justify your answer with examples. (b) A manufacturing company making automotive parts finds that workers working on the assembly line have poor attendance, leave for home early and are generally unproductive. They are fully unionized and resist any attempts by management to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles. Organizational Behaviour: Is a field of study which explores the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behaviour within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving organizations effectiveness. Importance of Organization behaviour: OB is going to explain the cause-and effect relationship to modify behaviour for organizational needs. Here no two human beings will behave in an identical manner. OB seeds to explore certain consistencies in behaviour, in order to promote a rational understanding of behaviour and some degree of predictability. Approaches in Organizational Behaviour: Factors Influencing Human Behavior In order to address human factors in workplace safety settings, peoples capabilities and limitations must first be understood. The modern working environment is very different to the settings that humans have evolved to deal with. The following human characteristics that can lead to difficulties interacting with the working environment. Attention -The modern workplace can overload human attention with enormous amounts of information, far in excess of that encountered in the natural world. The way in which we learn information can help reduce demands on our attention, but can sometimes create further problems Perception -In order to interact safely with the world, we must correctly perceive it and the dangers it holds. Work environments often challenge human perception systems and information can be misinterpreted. Memory -Our capacity for remembering things and the methods we impose upon ourselves to access information often put undue pressure on us. Increasing knowledge about a subject or process allows us to retain more information relating to it. Logical reasoning -Failures in reasoning and decision making can have severe implications for complex systems such as chemical plants, and for tasks like maintenance and planning. Environmental, organizational and job factors, in brief, influence the behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety. A simple way to view human factors is to think about three aspects: the individual, the job and the organization and their impact on peoples health and safety-related behavior. Following figures shows that all three are interlinked and have mutual influence The typical examples of immediate causes and contributing factors for human failures are given below: Individual factors low skill and competence level tired staff bored or disheartened staff individual medical problems Job factors illogical design of equipment and instruments constant disturbances and interruptions missing or unclear instructions poorly maintained equipment high workload noisy and unpleasant working conditions Organisation and management factors poor work planning, leading to high work pressure lack of safety systems and barriers inadequate responses to previous incident management based on one-way communications deficient co-ordination and responsibilities poor management of health and safety Poor health and safety culture. It is concluded that the performance of human is being strongly influenced by organizational, regulatory, cultural and environmental factors affecting the workplace. For example, organizational processes constitute the breeding grounds for many predictable human errors, including inadequate communication facilities, ambiguous procedures, unsatisfactory scheduling, insufficient resources, and unrealistic budgeting in fact, all processes that the organization can control. What is Perception? How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION: Perception is influenced by mainly three sets of factors: i) Factors in the perceiver (perceiver variables); ii) Factors in the target (subject characteristics); iii) Factors in the situation (situational variables). Factors in the perceiver include following issues: Self-concept of the perceiver; Attitudes of the perceiver; Motives of the perceiver; Interests of the perceiver; Experience of the perceiver; Expectations of the perceiver. Factors in the target include following issues: Physical appearance; Verbal and Nonverbal Communication; Status; Occupations; Personal characteristics; Novelty of the target; Motion of the target; Sounds of the target; Size of the target; Background of the target; Factors in the situation include following issues: Social context; Organisational role; Work setting; Location of event; Â  Time. Collectively, these three sets of factors determine our perceptions about others. (b) A manufacturing company making automotive parts finds that workers working on the assembly line have poor attendance, leave for home early and are generally unproductive. They are fully unionized and resist any attempts by management to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles. Motivation: Motivation: The process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal. Needs + Droves + Incentives Types of motives: Primary motives: Some motives are un learned physiologically based such motives are termed as physiological, biological, un learned or primary motives. Ex: Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Sex, Avoidance of Pain, Maternal Concern General Motives: Number of motives, which can neither, be classified as primary, or secondary that can be referred to as general motives. Motive must be unlearned but not physiologically oriented. Ex: Curiosity, Manipulations, Activity Motives, Affection motives, Love, Concern, Feelings. Secondary Motives: Quite a few important human motives fall in this category. The important motives of Power, achievement, and affiliation are all secondary motives. Leadership: Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards, the attainment of pre-determined goals. Traditional Theories of Leadership: Trait Theories Differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics Extraversion has strongest relation to leadership Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience also strongly related to leadership Agreeableness and Emotional Stability are not correlated with leadership. Behavioral Theories Behaviors can be taught traits cannot Leaders are trained not born Maslows Need Hierarchy Selfactualization Needs Self-esteem Needs Social Needs or Belonging and love and affection needs Security Needs Physiological Need or Basic Needs According to Maslow, certain concepts are relevant for understanding the needs. They are pre-potency, deprivation, domination, gratification and activation. Pre-potency is the strength associated with the needs. Physiological needs have greater pre-potency. Deprivation is the perception of an obstacle for satisfaction of a need. Thus, deprived need has high pre-potency. Domination is attaching importance to a need. A deprived need dominates the individual. In order to reduce dissonance associated with the deprivation, individuals try to gratify by undertaking some action. Therefore, gratification is the satisfaction of the need. Gratified need does not dominate. At the end, activation of need determine motivation. Need satisfaction activates the needs from one level to next higher levels. Maslow believes that these repeat as a cycle until the highest level need is satisfied. Based on the concept Maslow identified five categories of needs and their role in motivating individuals. They are described below: 1) Physiological Needs: Basic and primary needs required for human existence are physiological needs. They relate to biological and are required for preservation of basic human life. These needs are Identified to the human organ in the body. They are finite needs. They must be satisfied repeatedly until human beings die. They are not associated with money alone. They are hunger, thirst, sleep, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. The proposition relating to the basic needs is that they are primary motivators to any individual and once they are satisfied, they no longer motivate. The next level need becomes important for satisfaction until the basic need is dormant. Provision of adequate monetary rewards to satisfy these needs motivate employees in organisations. 2) Safety Needs: Individuals seek protection from natural environment, biological danger, economic deprivation and emotional threat from other beings and animals. For this purpose, he wishes security for himself. The protection may be in the form of seeking a shelter and forming into primary groups to combat threat from the natural beings. The motivational proposition are that the safety needs dominate as soon as physiological needs are satisfied, and after individual seeks to satisfy fairly the security needs they do not motivate him. In order to motivate employees, organisations provide fringe benefits, health and accident insurance, housing loans, etc. 3) Social Needs: Basically individual is a social being. He cannot live in isolation and silence. Thus, he intends to establish relationship with other human beings and some times wish to rear animals. Social needs emerge from the basic urge of individuals to associate, belong with others, make friendship, make companionship, desire to be accepted by others and seek affection. These needs are secondary in nature. The propositions relating to social needs are that these needs are satisfied by symbolic behaviour and through physic and psychic contact with others in the society. They are substantially infinite and exist until the end of human life. Organisations should provide scope for formation of informal groups, encourage working in teams, and provide scope for interpersonal communication, interpersonal relationships and interpersonal understanding to motivate employees. 4) Esteem Needs: Maslow believes that people seek growth. They have natural desire to be identified and respected by others. This instinct is called as esteem. Esteem needs are associated with self-esteem and esteem from others. The need for power, self respect, autonomy, self confidence, achievement, recognition of competence, knowledge, desire to have freedom, status and secure attention of others, appreciation are some of the esteem needs individual wishes to satisfy. Maslow identified them, as higher order needs. The nature of esteem needs is that they are dormant until basic, security and social needs are fairly satisfied. Satisfaction of esteem needs produce a feeling of self-confidence, strength, capability and adequacy in the individuals. 5) Self-actualization Needs: Self-actualization is transformation of perception and dream into reality. Individuals have inner potential to do something different from others. Realising the full inner potential, one wishes to become what he is capable of becoming. Attaining to the level of fulfilment of selfactualization needs is a difficult task as individuals are not clear about their inner potentials until an opportunity is perceived. Moreover these needs change with a change in human life. The intensity of self-actualization changes over life cycle, vary from person to person and environment. The following propositions are made about the motivation of individuals based on the Maslow hierarchy of needs. i) Five needs are classified into lower order needs and higher order needs. While physiological, safety and security needs are lower order needs, esteem and self actualization needs are higher order needs. ii) Lower order needs are satisfied externally and higher needs are satisfied internally. iii) Individuals start satisfying lower order needs first and proceed to satisfy higher order needs later. iv) No need is fully satisfied during the life period of individuals. A need substantially satisfied no longer motivates. v) A need when substantially satisfied produces satisfaction and it becomes dormant. Immediately the next level need becomes active. So Individual is continuously motivated to satisfy unsatisfied needs. So, motivation is a continuous process. vi) Satisfaction of lower order needs does not produce contentment. In fact, they produce discontentment to satisfy other needs. vii) Not all individuals have the same priority to satisfy the needs. Priorities differ from country to country and from situation to situation. viii) Individuals are aggressive in the satisfaction of basic needs and unconsciousness demands the satisfaction. However, they use social consciousness in the satisfaction of other needs. Maslows need hierarchy theory of motivation was considered logical and simple to understand human motivation. The theory has received attention of practicing managers as they feel that identification of needs of employees provides an insight to motivate them. This theory suggested that giving same reward more than individuals desire will have diminishing marginal utility. This has specific significance to the practicing manager. Leadership Human Behavior As a leader, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others; whose support you need in order to accomplish your goals. To gain their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature. Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators. Characteristics of self-actualizing people: Have better perceptions of reality and are comfortable with it. Accept themselves and their own natures. Lack of artificiality. They focus on problems outside themselves and are concerned with basic issues and eternal questions. They like privacy and tend to be detached. Rely on their own development and continued growth.

American History Précis Essay

In the short story American History by Judith Ortiz Cofer encourages us to understand our own feeling and being sensitive to the situation around us before we act. Cofer supports her claim by describing Elena’s insensitivity to the president’s death visiting Eugene while everyone was still mourning. Eugene’s Mother assumes that Elena, her family, or Puerto rico immigrants in general are insensitive to the tragedy. â€Å"I don’t know how you people do it,† pg 301 Eugene’s mother also doesn’t understand immigrants and believes herself superior to both Elena and people who are similar to Elena, she believes that she is not sorrowful enough about president Kennedy’s death to want to study with her son. However she doesn’t understand Elena’s feelings of simply wanted to spend time with Eugene, whom she liked and could connect to. † In the same was Elena also fails to understand the situation around her. The author uses dialogue as her mother warns her â€Å"you are heading towards humiliation and pain† pg 300. Unlike Elena, her mother understands the situation around her knowing that Eugenes mother won’t be happy that Elena want to study with her son. The author encourages to understand people feelings around us in order that we can be sensitive to them, which will prevent â€Å"humiliation and pain. † The speaker in this short story is an innocent young girl called â€Å"skinny bones† who goes through hardships and trouble at school. She lives in the crowded el building that houses immigrants from Puerto Rico like herself. Her tone can be described as unhappy and uncontent with her life â€Å"I hated my skinny flat-chested body, and I envied the black girls who could jump rope so fast their legs became blurs. The author writes with a serious tone as she portray the hardship immigrant children faces during this time period. Judith Cofer writes for other young adult who are also developing through hard times, portrayed Puerto Rico – American immigrant life and the difficult time other children gave Elena at school.

The Do This, Get That Guide On Essay Topics about Abortion

The Do This, Get That Guide On Essay Topics about Abortion You also ought to revise and edit your essay to eradicate any imperfections. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. When you begin writing the essay, you should make an intriguing start. Because proposal essays are a kind of argumentative essay, you would like to be certain the essay is worthy of an argument. To put it simply, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. When writing the very first draft follow the structure set out in the outline. You might be made to make some amendments in the outline or draft to fit your paper when writing the last draft. If you're writing an argumentative essay it's important that you write on a topic that you have knowledge about and you feel it is possible to win over the audience with your arguments. The question isn't about whether they ought to donate. You're able to write about such topics as-is, modify them, or simply utilize them to secure you in the perfect mindset to produce your own topic. The style, topic and voice of your private essay needs to have the punch to create the audience think. Essay Topics about Abortion: No Longer a Mystery Abortion is a significant issue and it needs to be researched upon more. It is a very controversial subject. It is a very sensitive issue. If you opted to compose an essay about abortion, go for an approach with a considerable body of research to back up your stance. Following that, it's possible to recommend specific therapy. If a parent decides they don't need to keep the kid, there are different alternatives like adoption after birth. For example if there's a complication in pregnancy and the mother can suffer on account of the youngster, I think it's ok to do abortion. A fetus isn't human until very late in the pregnancy and in the very first few weeks it is simply a biological entity that's amidst its developmental stage. It's incredibly important that individuals understand that abortions aren't some heinous act to just knock out something a woman didn't want. But overall, obtaining an abortion doesn't increase the chance of infertility since they're so safe,'' she explains. Essay Topics about Abortion - What Is It? Data or comments given in research studies ought to be adequately referenced in the body of the paper in addition to in the works cited or reference page. Essay help writing services are incredibly beneficial for students. Immigration Immigration is a controversial subject, particularly in regions of the Southwestern United States. The Meaning of Essay Topics about Abortion A detailed and v ery clear plan can help you to comprehend where to begin and the way to end. Finally, you're trying to persuade the reader your proposal is not just viable, but one worth pursuing. It is essential to the success of your argumentative essay that you pick a side to argue. You must not take sides unless you're expressly advised to achieve that. Bear in mind that nearly all of your readers will know more than that which you do. Writing about the reason and effect essay topics related to the school's popularity or surviving the initial year in college could possibly be fine to grab the interest of your peers. For Academic writing, building an excellent essay topic or topic for essay that could capture attention and keep up a high degree of energy depends upon the person's interest and points being made. Students from all around the world are attempting to come across expert essay writing service.

Discrimination Upon LGBTQ Community - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1078 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Everyday people witness couples in public getting called disturbing slurs, being harassed, and escorted from businesses. Majority of the LGBTQ community have reported that they have experienced harassment, threats, and violence due to their sexual beliefs. LGBTQ Couples are being discriminated on a daily basis just by doing everyday activities. Several Incidents have shown discrimination in the LGBTQ community including LGBTQ avoiding public businesses because of public accommodation discrimination, being judged because their religion exercise, and being refused of an marriage license. According to public businesses, LGBTQ avoided them because of public accommodation discrimination. About â€Å"47 percent [ of the LGBTQ members] made specific decisions where to shop,† because daily disrespect ( Miller, â€Å" LGBT Bias† ). Miller developed a report to share how discrimination can leave others feeling disrupted. Judgement was so critical that a transgender officer was assisting her three year old daughter to the bathroom and staff members and other customers at the restaurant was whispering and staring at them disturbingly. People made her feel uncomfortable that she avoided places that made her feel that way. She developed a urinary infection because she was getting followed around to see what restroom she was going to use ( Miller, â€Å" LGBT Bias†). Miller scoped out that everyday activities will leave most people at risk from discrimination. Therefore situations common to this LGBTQ people try to avoid everything and everywhere discriminati on may occur such as stores, restaurants, doctor offices, and public transportation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination Upon LGBTQ Community" essay for you Create order With this issue the federal government aroused religious exemptions opposing coordinated attacks to the public. For example, â€Å"Individual government agencies, and businesses [violated laws of justice]† because the power of religious exemptions created licenses to discriminate against the core of Americans (Mushoric, â€Å" Coordinated Attack†). Mushoric thinks people are getting away with optioning out laws to affect the core of human beings. Although federal and state legislation believe that [businesses has the right to] religion objections. They are not exempt from following the law when it comes to firing or hiring employees, and discrimination protection for clients† ( Muschoric, â€Å" Coordinated Attack†). Summarizing Mushoric thoughts, with or without a business or organization individuals shouldn’t be exempt from following laws. However the LGBTQ community is being judged because their religion exercise. â€Å" In the beginning of 2010 [The District of Columbia] ceased the foster care program [for] same sex marriage laws no longer have a permitted placement [for] children† (â€Å"Marriage Consequences†). The Greenhaven Press dived into the critique and found that they were prohibited to have a home for foster children. In Michigan, â€Å"A graduate student was dismissed from school program after referring a client to another counselor because she/he was [influenced in a homosexual relationship]† (â€Å"Marriage Consequences†). The Greenhaven Press made a note that refusing to give assistance at a college can ruin a person placement there. As one can see gay marriage/relationships is not acceptable in their religion so they raise a legal argument. Simultaneously Stephen Seufert gave a litmus test and discovered discrimination among African Americans, Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals,and Transgenders. â€Å"American history has shown ‘religious freedom’ was used to legitimize slavery† (Seufert, â€Å"Freedom Discriminate†). However, Seufert shared what the bad aspects of humanity he have witness. â€Å"Similar kinds of laws and tactics under the guise of â€Å"religious freedom† are now being used by businesses and lawmakers to discriminate against LGBT people† (Seufert, â€Å"Freedom Discriminate†). In South Carolina, A Restaurant Owner refused to serve to African Americans on his/her rights in the first amendment to practice his/her own religion beliefs. To illustrate Seufert thoughts on â€Å"Can Religious Freedom Be Used to Discriminate?† Seufert found many stories supporting the good and bad aspects of humanity. Seufert believe individuals should decide if new religion laws a re form to uplift humanity or breakdown the love for peers. To put it differently individuals and groups discriminating based of perceived threats to their religious freedom due to their lifestyle and beliefs of others. In the meantime, LGBTQ members were refused marriage licenses all over the United States. An Attorney General in Texas made a statement that the public claimed â€Å"[The General gave] permission to refuse to issue a marriage license to same sex couples† (Marusic, â€Å"LGBT Licenses†). Marusic found it appealing that a officer in Texas confronted the attorney general on his/her misunderstood statement to the public. The entire United States was â€Å"going rogue† when the Supreme Court made equality marriage rule for same sex couples. Marusic supported how the public felt to changes for the LGBTQ people. Therefore the government made a dramatic view of the opposition to homosexuals marriage as a prohibition against discrimination. Again a marriage license was refused and marriage equality was unrecognized. â€Å"[Eriksen, a man who] has a religious objection and has referred the matter to his deputy clerks who has no such objection and will issue [a marriage] license† (â€Å"Denied License†). This source is an expert because Eriksen think he handled the situation professionally by referring them to someone else without addressing the issue of not supporting their marriage . â€Å" I don’t care if the clerk is opposed to marriage equality that’s his right but he can’t impose his will onto others in violation of the law† tweeted by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo (â€Å"Denied License†). On a social media app, Twitter, the governor of New York stood up to the individual who opposed marriage equality. Therefore Wong shared this story to stop the unconscionable act of discrimination publicly.The New York Governor is involved because what Eriksen did wasnt fair to the couples. The Governor directed a investigation on the issues and made sure the mistake doesnt happen again. The Governor hosted a gay wedding for the couple that was denied a marriage license by Eriksen on August 18th, 2018. In the LGBTQ community during daily activities sometimes leave them feeling barbs of bias because discrimination in their community. These pieces were used to persuade the federal government and Supreme Court that it’s unfair to let people disobey the law.The main conflict is LGBTQ wanting to express themselves freely. The LGBTQ people who felt the sting of discrimination see the community differently. Stories were written to inform individuals that discrimination can disrupt daily behavior makes LGBTQ people feel unwelcome. The main subject addressed is that people dealing with discrimination in public because sexual orientation, gender identity. Pastors, Ministers, Counselors, Teachers, Bosses, Parents, Doctors, Nurses ,and Students, Everyone in United States should reconsider the act of discrimination regarding its against your belief system or not.